Cynthia Alkon

Segment 1 Cynthia Alkon

On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have Cynthia Alkon. Ms. Alkon joined the faculty of Texas A&M in 2010. From 2006-2010, she was an assistant professor of law at the Appalachian School of Law. Prior to joining academia, Professor Alkon was a criminal defense lawyer and worked in rule of law development in Eastern Europe and Central Asia focusing on criminal justice reform issues. Professor Alkon worked for nearly seven years as a deputy public defender in Los Angeles County. Professor Alkon then joined the American Bar Association Central and East European Law Initiative working as a Rule of Law Liaison in Belarus for two years (1998-2000). After Belarus Professor Alkon was the head of the legal department for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in Albania. From 2002-2006 Professor Alkon was the Head of the Rule of Law Unit for the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR). In that position Professor Alkon supervised the OSCE/ODIHR Rule of Law Unit’s criminal justice reform assistance projects in Central Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe.
Professor Alkon’s scholarship focuses on criminal dispute resolution, comparative criminal procedure and rule of law reform. Professor Alkon focuses on issues of criminal justice reform both within the United States and in the context of rule of law reform programs abroad. Professor Alkon is a contributor to Indisputably.org, a member of the Law Professor Blogs Network.

Professor Alkon earned a Masters of Law (LL.M) in Dispute Resolution from the University of Missouri-Columbia, a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of California-Hastings and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Magna Cum Laude, in International Relations, from San Francisco State University.
In this segment Professor Alknon tells us about her work.

Segment 2 Central and East European Law Initiative
In this segment, Doug and Cynthia discusses her work with the Central and European Law Initiative. She worked in a part of the world that does not understand the world of law. Cynthia ended up working in a number of countries. Some countries are evolving and developing into the rule of law. Struggling countries needed people that are educated on issues and good lawyers. Good lawyers can make a difference for their clients. This segment is very interesting and insightful.

Segment 3 Plea-Bargaining
Plea-bargaining in the criminal courts is very important. In this segment, Cynthia shares with us the definition and understanding of plea-bargaining and why it is important in the process of law.
Also discussed is the definition of justice. Doug and Cynthia discuss the topic in further detail.

Segment 4 Role of Victims in Restorative Justice
In this segment, Cynthia and Doug discuss the restorative justice system and the role of victims.

To listen to this program, please click http://wsradio.com/022615-cynthia-alkon-criminal-justice-reform-within-united-states-context-rule-law-reform-programs-abroad/

Segment 1: Kay Pranis’ Journey 

On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have with us Kay Pranis.  Kay’s journey began in an accidental every way. Kay has no formal training in any related field.  She has an education but unrelated to her current field.  Raised her children and stayed on the board of directors of her children’s school.  As her children were moving onto adulthood, Kay decided she needed to do something to fill her time.  With her experience as a school board member, she decided to pursue.  Applied to a lot of places. Had an opportunity to work for a non-profit in MN that specialized in criminal justice work.  Kay knew nothing about that system.  She did not know the difference between probation and parole.  She did not know that MN had sentencing guidelines.   The person who ran the agency knew Kay through his wife who worked as the superintendent in the school district where she sat on the board.  She was hired to do their policy work because he trusted her to work with the board members and figured she could learn on the job what she needed to know about the criminal justice system.  Kay had no interest in criminal justice but it was the only opportunity that was presented to her.  In the winter of 1989, Kay came across a pamphlet talking about restorative justice.   This resonated deeply with her.   It was also consistent with the agency approach.  She read everything she would get her hands on regarding the topic.   She began educating herself and implementing the restorative process in their policies.  A position was created for Kay.  The first of it’s kind. Listen to her share more with Doug and the audience on her rewarding journey.

Segment 2:  What is the Circle Process? 

 Kay shares with us the meaning of the circle concept.  The circle process is a dialogue process with a very deliberate structure this is intended to help people bring their best self forward given wherever they are in that moment.  The structure of the process helps to facilitate the people being able to move in the direction of their best selves.  This process is a gift from the ancient indigenous people.  We believe it was common amongst all groups of people met in this way.  They would come together, sit in a circle with no tables and often something in the center that represents important goals the group has.  The most important structural component of the talking piece which is an object of significance to the group that moves from person to person around the group in order and only the person with the talking piece is allowed to speak. This segments tells more about the circle process in today’s time.

Segment 3: The Circle Process in Prisons and Classrooms 

In this segment, Doug Kay discusses the use the Circle Process in the CA prison system.  The process has transformed many of the prisoners and released some because of the process and their ability to manage their own behavior.  Also discussed is teaching teachers to use the Circle Process in the classrooms. This is a fascinating segment.     

Segment 4: Peacemaking Circle Transformations 

In this segment, Doug and Kay share stories about family Peace Circle successes and how it has transformed the family dynamic.  Even with children.  Also shared is the paradigm shift that asks people to relinquish old beliefs and enter a space of not knowing.  Our human nature survived through cooperation not competition but our current culture has changed our behavior for towards resolution. 

Click here to listen to the entire show http://wsradio.com/020515-peacemaking-circles-crime-community-restorative-justice/

Segment 1: Donna Hicks – Here Biography and Journey
On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have with us Dr. Donna Hicks.. Dr. Hicks is an Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. Dr. Hicks was Deputy Director of the Program on International Conflict Analysis and Resolution (PICAR) at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University for nine years.
She worked extensively on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and as a member of the third party in numerous unofficial diplomatic efforts. In addition to her work in the Middle East, Dr. Hicks founded and co-directed a ten-year project in Sri Lanka, which brought the Tamil, Sinhalese and Muslim communities together for dialogue. She has been actively involved with the conflict in Colombia, where she was invited to give workshops and lectures in conflict resolution. For several years, she was involved in a project designed to improve relations between the US and Cuba. Dr. Hicks was a consultant to the British Broadcasting Company where she co-facilitated encounters between victims and perpetrators of the Northern Ireland conflict with Archbishop Desmond Tutu. The encounters were made into 3 television programs that were aired throughout the United Kingdom and on BBC World.
Dr. Hicks has taught courses in conflict resolution at Harvard, Clark, and Columbia Universities and conducts trainings and educational seminars in the US and abroad on the role dignity plays in healing and reconciling relationships in conflict. She consults to corporations, schools, churches, and non-governmental organization. She is the author of the book, Dignity: The Essential Role it Plays in Resolving Conflict, published in 2011 by Yale University Press.
As long as she can remember being a small child being raised in a small town in upstate New York. She always wanted to do International work and explore and see more than this wonderful small town but knew there were bigger horizons. As she matured and statrted to see how she wanted to do this, a path opened for her. A world has opened that she would lead her to where she is today. Listen to this segment when Doug and Donna discuss her work on her post doctorate which lead her to the Dignity belief.

Segment 2: Heart of the Matter
Discussions being driven by high levels of emotion yet not they are not talked about is commonly present in conflict. This is something that is evident in negotiations. Dr. Hicks believes there is a lot of emotional turmoil under current situations that drives the negotiation. No one wants to talk about the emotional reaction to the conflict. Dr. Hicks was able to get dialogue by the involved parties and talked to them how and what dignity is and why it is important by having them tell a story about the conflict. It opened everyone up. They had stories that were passed down from their ancestors. Got to the heart of the matter. She was able to give them the language. This can fit in any conflict situation, not just international.
Listen to this fascinating segment to hear more on the definition of dignity.

Segment 3: Evolutionary Psychology
In this segment, we speak with Donna about culture and evolutionary psychology. Is dignity influenced by culture? This question is often asked. However, the stories that people tell, there are similarities. The only difference is how it is handled.
Evolutionary psychology looks at us at a level as human species. This is the unit of analysis that if focused on and dignity is what every human has. This is the core of dignity.
An insight and misconception is our dignity is in the hands of other people. Dr. hicks learned something from Nelson Mandela. He tells the story that when he went into prison, the first thing he had to do is figure out what to do with the guards. He and his fellow prisoners had to figure it out. The first day, he figured it out. They were trying to strip them of their dignity. Mandela was relieved because no one has charge of his dignity but him. It’s in his hands only.

Segment 4: Dignity is your birthright
Dignity cannot be taken away. It can be wounded but no one can take this away. When people realize this, then they are more resilient.
Some of the elements of Dignity:

 Identity excepted
Recognition of our unique qualities
Acknowledgment
Belonging and inclusion
Safety
Treated in a fair way
Being given the benefit of the doubt
Need to be understood
We want an apology
In this segment, Donna addresses more in depth the elements of Dignity and why they are so important in conflict resolution.

 You can find out more about Donna Hicks by clicking drdonnahicks.com

To listen to this wonderful interview, please click http://wsradio.com/011515-role-dignity-reconciling-relationships/

Segment 1: David Steele

On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have with us David Steele. David Steele has 22 years experience working with political, religious, and other civil society actors to effectively facilitate conflict transformation and interfaith coexistence within unstable, violence-prone situations of inter-ethnic and sectarian conflict. Since 2010, he has served as adjunct faculty in the Heller School. Initially, he was a guest lecturer and teaching assistant leading discussion sessions on International dialogue and mediation; Development, aid and coexistence; and Intercultural communication for conflict and development. Since 2011, he has supervised MA Coexistence and Conflict students in their practicum field experience and writing of MA theses and final internship reports. For the past two years, he has taught courses, currently including: Religion, Identity and Conflict (HS 243f) and 3D Security: Diplomacy, Development and Defense (HS 345f). In 2013 he led a workshop on Handling values-based conflicts during DEIS Impact week.

From a background in theology and peacemaking, David shares with Doug and the audience his fascinating journey. David spent 16 years as a pastor before changing fields and because he has always been interested in international affairs, he decided to pair up peacemaking and religion. Listen to see how he took a course in conflict resolution as a pastor at his church and where it lead him next.

Segment 2: Identity Drivers

Why conflicts are so intense with religion?

The role of identity drivers always in combination with substantive drivers lead to conflict. When you have this combination, you deal with an identity formation process that becomes fixed and leads to threat. When we feel threat, we shut down or become vulnerable and defensive. In t his segment, David and Doug discuss his work in Serbia and helps us define reconciliation process and what happens with this was achieved.

Segment 3: Reconciliation of Religions

One of the projects David has been working on has been working with the African Union in Sudan and South Sudan which is one of those troubled spots of the world that cannot seem to find peace. David shares the nature of his work there by explaining the role of the African Union as part of the agreement that resulted in the independence of South Sudan. The Union came a conclusion hat the formal agreement process could not be fully implemented on what they agreed upon unless the population agreed and backed this. The support of the civil society was very important. To do this, they need to address religion and decided a reconciliation is important for Christian and Muslim religions. David was invited to design a program and implement this.

Segment 4: Globalization
To what degree has globalization shrunk of our planet?

Globalization has changed our world immensely but not necessarily in a positive or negative manner. Listen to this interesting segment on how media and social media have become a way to communicate

Please click the link to listen to this fascinating show http://wsradio.com/010815-conflict-transformation-societies-affected-extremist-religions/

Ajay Rochester - Anti Bullying Coach and Advocate
Websites are www.findingmymojo.com

www.kapowies.com (Anti-bullying site)

www.ourlittlesecretpr.com

Segment 1: Ajay Rochester

On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have Ajay Rochester. Ajay is a singer, host, inspirational speaker and as a mother of a son with Aspergers, she is a passionate anti bullying advocate and coach. She recently launched her anti Bullying awards, The Kapowies (which stands for Kids Are POWerful In Every Sense) at Stan Lee's Comikaze in Los Angeles.
In July it will be making another appearance at the world famous Comic-Con and she has teamed up with Batman editor Jordan B Gorfinkal to host a FREE "Be Your Own Hero" cartooning and writing workshop for kids. There they will guide the kids to create anti bullying superhero characters with super powers to stop bullying. It is hoped the children will then take those themes and attach them to their own lives through roleplaying.

Segment 2: The Bullied and The Bullies

In this segment, Doug and Ajay discuss the cause of bullies. Some of it is lack of parenting and involvment and the other is the media. In today’s day and age, kids are online all of the time. What we think is silly and we shrug off make s a true impact on the children for what they think is important thus become emotionally connected to the internet. As we all know, the internet is a tool for bullies.

And, it’s not just the kids. Adults are just as bad. The teachers of her son were bullies as well. She would have to go in each school year to teach them about how to treat her child which had autism. She helped her son overcome a very difficult time by making a video. This has led her to the path of Kapowies. This segment is fascinating and a must hear.

Segment 3: Kapowies – Anti Bullying Awards

Ajay gets into more detail about Kapowies where kids up to college age can enter. You can learn more about Kapowies by visiting www.kapowies.com Be You Own Hero!

Also, in this segment, Ajay shares with us that often times bullies and the bullied have commonalities. If they can find a common interest and common ground, they often become friends. Listen to this segment where a daughter of a friend made friends with her bully over beads.

Segment 4: Getting Involved

Ajay’s goal is to spread the word about Anti Bullying. It exists in every part of the world in every age group . You have power. Use it for good. Share and spread the word. It’s our responsibility.

Please click here to listen to the interview http://wsradio.com/121814-anti-bullying-coach-advocate-ajay-rochester/

Guest Name: Resa Eisen and Amy D'Aprix

http://www.essentialconversationsproject.com

Segment 1: Dr. Resa Eisen & Dr. Amy D’Aprix

In this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we are speaking with Resa Eisen and Amy D’Aprix from The Essential Conversations Project.

Resa S. Eisen holds a Masters in Social Work and has been in private practice as a trainer, consultant and mediator for more than 35 years, working in the public and private sectors. She is co-founder of the Essential Conversations Project.

Dr. Amy S. D’Aprix is a consultant, professional speaker, and co-founder of the Essential Conversations Project. She holds a Ph.D. and Masters in Social Work, and the designation of Certified Professional Consultant on Aging. She sits on the Board of Directors of the International Federation on Ageing (IFA) where she is Regional Vice President for North America.

In this segment of the Doug Noll Show, we learn how and why the Essential Conversation Project was created.

Segment 2: Dawning of the Ages
As our population ages, questions arise about their finances, how and where they want to die, the caregiving they want and the legacy they want to leave behind. This creates the need for a conversation. The Essential Conversations Project teaches facilitators (which include Lawyers, coaches, therapists, etc.) to conduct these meetings with the aging parent and their children. The goal is to have everyone heard and understood in these meetings. It is also the mission to be proactive and not reactive which will generally lead to mediation. That is how being a facilitator differs from being a mediator.

Segment 3: Get the Word Out!
The mission Amy and Resa have is leading a prevention movement by getting the word out that having these conversations can lead to effective decisions within a family. Also, they would like to make a presence in the non profit and government sector so this service does not look like a service for the rich person.

There is also an opportunity for doctors, lawyers and other professions to broach the subject with their client to start this conversation with the family.

Segment 4: How long does it take?

This length of the conclusion process varies . Resa and Amy address this. Every family and situation are different but they project is well received and the reception from those who participate is very good. The facilitator does check in 3 months later to see how everyone is doing and that everyone is happy. This gives them the opportunity to see if something else needs to be addressed.

To listen to this interesting conversation, please click http://wsradio.com/121114-essential-conversation-project/

Segment 1: Sherie Vie
On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we are speaking with Sherie Vie. Vie (pronounced VEE) grew up as the only daughter in a closely knit Indian family in South Africa during time of apartheid, and was designated as non-white. Her grandparents and parents rose above the discrimination. V’s dreams of becoming a doctor were dashed when she was expelled from pre-medical university at age 16, as she participated in a peaceful student rally to free Madiba. A life changing experience during that rally was her first calling and motivated her to pursue freedom.
V left SA solo on a working scholarship to USA. New experiences, supporting herself and pursuing the highest degrees, working as a clinician, teacher of multiply handicapped children and assistant researcher during her studies. She obtained her post doctorate, and while working as a medical device scientist in Denmark, family tragedy struck at home -her Father dies. She leaves to Switzerland and pursues the search for natural wellness. Her Mother develops breast cancer, is attacked at gun point, escapes but falls into severe depression. V helps her recover and becomes focused on the power of the inner spirit, the true nature of humanity. She engages in research and self-experimentation, tapping into her Indian roots, & explores Canada, where she becomes poverty stricken even as she creates the first low allergenic super foods in 2004. Her monies were given to children to achieve their sporting dreams.
Deep in the health food industry and rubbing shoulders with celebrities in the sporting world, she witnessed much unhappiness globally, mental illness, heartaches, injustice, crime, wars and emotional pain. She gives up her factory, packs her bags once more and drives solo across North America, then treks in the Himalayas and receives her calling once again….

Born in South Africa and was actually privileged to have the support of her parents who she admires. Since she was little , she wanted to be a doctor. Father enrolled her in the premedical university at 16. This was the first time to be free to do what she wanted. She attended a rally to free Mandela chanting and singing for his freedom. Then they were attacked by tanks and soldiers. A student had fallen in front of her and to protect the other student, she covered the student while making eye contact with the soldier. She experienced being unharmed by the soldier. She was thrown out of medical school and went to school to be a earn her Phd. She got the taste of freedom after the rally and hasn’t looked back.

Dr. Vie and her mother formed a company selling natural healing products. She began coming up with more formulations using healthy foods. Canada invited her to demonstrate foods and people began buying “super foods”. This is where she met women from around the world. During this time she learned where more about the extremes and suppression in women. Business is still going on and teaching women to be empowered and reclaim themselves. Her purpose is to help women.

Segment 2: The Existence of Women
One of the insights gained is that women have been moving away from their natural selves. We all have natural codes to be nature and we are nature. If we actually depart from being natural humans, we change the code within ourselves. Women have been discriminated and suppressed for a while now causing them to lose their purpose. Listen to this fascinating segment about the Existence of Women and the beliefs of the different cultures that create such extremes.

Segment 3: Living a Free life requires to question the norms
It is difficult for people to take control of how we interact with our environment in order to gain a whole authentic and happy person. Look within yourself and really ask yourself if you want to make a difference. Women since the 60’s decided if they could not be the system, then join the system and not fight. They wanted the same opportunity as men. This is going down the wrong path. Men had to go down the path and now women have to go down the rough path. No is the opportunity for women to really change the world. Women should be different. You want to detox the system. Then repair the damage and lastly to prevent. We can use this in our daily work by thinking about the big picture.

Developing inner Peace within ourselves is important. It is a gap between two worlds. A state that everyone experiences every 24 hours during sleep. Inner peace at wakended state is when all 5 senses are not involved and they are quiet. Mind is now in focus in such a way that is functioning at it’s best. We need to replace bad habits with replacing with mindfulness. This can be done by regulating the breath. The breath is the connectgion to the mind.

Segment 4: Inhale, Exhale

Starting our day with breathing exercises, this can certainly center us.
Society that many people cannot breath freely from their nostrils. The breath is connect to the mind and vice versa. Science is showing the meditation and breathing is essential for a quiet mind and inner peace.

Women are pressurized to get into a relationships and start a family. Before having a relationship, it is important to know yourself first. If you can function on your own, then you can share this with someone else. This relationship can be healthy if both parties have inner peace.

Listen to this segment for more on inner peace advice and her new book.

Please click the link to listen to the interview todayhttp://wsradio.com/112014-taming-female-imposter-book-secrets-rescuing-humanity/

Segment 1: Jamie Turndorf On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we are talking with Dr. Jamie Turndorf.  Dr. Turndorf is an internationally known relationship therapist, emotional communication expert, media therapist, author and advice columnist read by millions. Known worldwide as "Dr. Love," through the web, television, radio, and print, Dr. Turndorf has authored, Till Death Do Us Part (Unless I Kill You First): A Step-by-Step Guide for Resolving Relationship Conflict. Her book was endorsed by two New York Times #1 Best Selling authors, Dr. John Gray (author of Men are From Mars, Women are from Venus) and John Bradshaw (who wrote Homecoming), and now deceased Pulitzer Prize winning author and Harvard Professor of Psychiatry, Dr. John Mack. This book will be republished by Hay House in January 2104 under the title Kiss Your Fights Goodbye: Dr. Love’s 10 Simple Steps to Cooling Conflict and Rekindling Your Relationship.

She has also authored Make Up Don't Break Up: Dr. Love's Five-Step Plan for Reconciling with Your Ex.

Dr. Turndorf is the creator of askdrlove.com, the first relationship advice site on the web. The site has received up to three million hits per month and was voted "Best of the Net" and "Hottest Site on the Web." At her website, she offers the world’s first searchable relationship advice database. For the past 25 years, grateful clients and audiences have been benefiting from her life changing advice via TV, radio, and print, and, of course, face-to-face contact.

We learn about Jamie's personal journey with her premature birth, to her conflict resolution with her parents, and the loss of her husband showing her way to live and stay connected.

Segment 2: The Afterlife Jamie shares with us the meeting her husband priest and shares with him only a summon that he would know. This shocked the priest and confirmed the afterlife was real and we are connected.

Segment 3: Skeptics Playing devils advocate, Doug asks Jamie how to convince and make skeptics believe in the afterlife. Jamie share her philosophies and points out that true scientists belief in spirits. There are places in California that are applying hard sciences to the spirit and quantum physics.

Segment 4: How her personal Experience helps her Professional life How all of her experiences effect her professional practice are addressed here. Her whole world is now opened up and more than what we see in the physical world. It has helped her better help her clients.

To listen to the interview, please click http://wsradio.com/120414-love-never-dies-experiences-dr-love/

Segment 1: Medea Benjamin. On this edition of the Doug Noll Show, we have with us Medea Benjamin. Medea is a cofounder of both CODEPINK and the international human rights organization Global Exchange. Benjamin is the author of eight books. Her latest book is Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control, and she has been campaigning to stop the use of killer drones. Her direct questioning of President Obama during his 2013 foreign policy address, as well as her recent trips to Pakistan and Yemen, helped shine a light on the innocent people killed by US drone strikes.

Benjamin has been an advocate for social justice for more than 30 years. Described as "one of America's most committed -- and most effective -- fighters for human rights" by New York Newsday, and "one of the high profile leaders of the peace movement" by the Los Angeles Times, she was one of 1,000 exemplary women from 140 countries nominated to receive the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the millions of women who do the essential work of peace worldwide. In 2010 she received the Martin Luther King, Jr. Peace Prize from the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the 2012 Peace Prize by the US Peace Memorial. She is a former economist and nutritionist with the United Nations and World Health Organization.
Since the September 11, 2001 tragedy, Medea has been working to promote a U.S. foreign policy that would respect human rights and gain us allies instead of contributing to violence and undermining our international reputation. In 2000, she was a Green Party candidate for the California Senate. During the 1990s, Medea focused her efforts on tackling the problem of unfair trade as promoted by the World Trade Organization. Widely credited as the woman who brought Nike to its knees and helped place the issue of sweatshops on the national agenda, Medea was a key player in the campaign that won a $20 million settlement from 27 US clothing retailers for the use of sweatshop labor in Saipan. She also pushed Starbucks and other companies to start carrying fair trade coffee.

Her work for justice in Israel/Palestine includes taking numerous delegations to Gaza after the 2008 Israeli invasion, organizing the Gaza Freedom March in 2010, participating in the Freedom Flotillas and opposing the policies of the Israel lobby group AIPAC. In 2011 she was in Tahrir Square during the Egyptian uprising and In 2012 she was part of a human rights delegation to Bahrain in support of democracy activists; she was tear-gassed, arrested and deported by the Bahraini government.

Medea was in the middle of 2 protests and took an hour to speak with us.

Segment 2: Immigration reform and how Veterans are treated. In this segment, Doug asks Medeas take on Immigration reform and her feelings of how the goverment treats our Vets. She also discusses how Code Pink became and organization and all of the amazing work they do day in and day out.

Segment 3: Drones. We are hearing about them all over the media. Drones. Listen to Doug and Medea talk about them. Not only privacy invasion but also a danger to our commercial flights (drones coming into contact with commercial airliners). She also discusses her new book.

Segment 4: Politics of America and how it relates to human rights.In this segment, it appears that we may have disconnected with Medea. She may have been asked to rejoin the protest. Doug has a lot to share on his take with Politics in America and how they directly influence our basic human rights.

Very fascinating show.  Click this link to hear this interview http://wsradio.com/111314-medea-benjamin-cofounder-codepink-international-human-rights-organization-global-exchange/